Search Engine Optimization (SEO), is the process of improving the ranking of a webpage in a search engine (primarily Google and Yahoo). There is an entire cottage industry built up around this concept. Silly as it sounds, you can make a hell of a lot of money if you have high ranking on these engines. So its worth putting some time into.
As far as I can tell, the two things you need to do are have other webpages link to your webpage (popularity/importance), and have content that people are searching for in the form of keyword phrases (relevance). Having popular webpages linking to you is better then unknown pages.
Beyond that, I believe there's a lot of controversy and speculation. The Natural Search Blog seems pretty good. Pretty light on industry lingo, and some sensible articles.
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